In this post, I will analyze meteor landings throughout the world and take my first steps towards my goal of using astronomy and computer science to explore the mysteries of the universe!

The data for this project comes from NASA's open data portal - Nasa Meteorite Landings. This is an amazing treasure trove of information for space buffs directly from NASA.

In order to map these sites of meteor landings in Python, I will use the Folium module. Folium is a popular python library used to visualize geospatial data and create interactive maps.

First, lets load the Python modules that will be needed for this project. These include Pandas, Folium, Matplotlib, Math and Geopandas.

In [14]:

from folium.plugins import MarkerCluster
import pandas as pd
import folium
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
import geopandas

Download the Meteorite Landings csv file from this link -> Nasa Meteorite Landings

The next step is to read the csv file and see its structure. (Adjust the path name according to where you have downloaded the csv)

In [15]:

meteors_raw_data = pd.read_csv("./data/Meteorite_Landings.csv")
meteors_raw_data.head()

Out[15]:

	name	id	nametype	recclass	mass (g)	fall	year	reclat	reclong	GeoLocation
0	Aachen	1	Valid	L5	21.0	Fell	01/01/1880 12:00:00 AM	50.77500	6.08333	(50.775, 6.08333)
1	Aarhus	2	Valid	H6	720.0	Fell	01/01/1951 12:00:00 AM	56.18333	10.23333	(56.18333, 10.23333)
2	Abee	6	Valid	EH4	107000.0	Fell	01/01/1952 12:00:00 AM	54.21667	-113.00000	(54.21667, -113.0)
3	Acapulco	10	Valid	Acapulcoite	1914.0	Fell	01/01/1976 12:00:00 AM	16.88333	-99.90000	(16.88333, -99.9)
4	Achiras	370	Valid	L6	780.0	Fell	01/01/1902 12:00:00 AM	-33.16667	-64.95000	(-33.16667, -64.95)

This dataset contains the meteor name, mass, year and geographic coordinates. Let's clean up the data and plot it on a map using their latitudes and longitudes.

The rows containg null or missing values for latitude and longitude are dropped and the result is plotted on a map.

As there are over 47,000 meteor landing points, plotting them together wil cause clutter on the map. So, I use a feature of Folium to cluster the points based on geography.

Upon clicking the cluster, we can zoom in and view the meteor details individually!

In [19]:

meteors = meteors_raw_data.dropna(subset=["reclong", "reclat"]).drop_duplicates(subset=["reclong", "reclat"])
map = folium.Map(tiles='cartodbpositron', zoom_start=2, location=[50.007146, -20.854878])
marker_cluster = MarkerCluster().add_to(map)

for index, row in meteors.iterrows():
    name = row["name"]
    year = str(row["year"])
    latitude = row['reclat']
    longitude = row['reclong']

    popup_text = '<h3 style="color:green;">' + name + '</h3>'
    if year.lower() != "nan":
        popup_text = popup_text + year
    
    folium.Marker(location = [latitude, longitude], tooltip = popup_text).add_to(marker_cluster)
map

Out[19]:

Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook

Now lets try to see the meteor count by country!

In [9]:

meteors_country = pd.read_csv("./data/Meteors_Landings_with_country_count.csv")
print(meteors_country[:5])

                    country  meteor_count   latitude   longitude
0          سلطنة عُمان Oman          3051  21.000029   57.003690
1  United States of America          1542  39.783730 -100.445882
2             Libya / ليبيا          1397  26.823447   18.123672
3                 Australia           588 -24.776109  134.755000
4                   الجزائر           579  28.000027    2.999983

Lets try to plot these country counts on a world map. The latitude and latitude for the countries were obtained by reverse geocoding. Reverse geocoding is the process of finding a place's name or a country's name given its latitude and longitude. For more information on this topic, look here : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_geocoding

For this project, I used GeoPy which is an awesome and free Python client for geolocation services. (https://geopy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)

(NOTE : You can also use Google GeoCoding API (https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding/overview). But you will have to register with them for an API key and you will be subject to usage limits and possible charges)

In [10]:

min_meteor_count = meteors_country["meteor_count"].min()
 
max_meteor_count = meteors_country["meteor_count"].max()

meteors_country["meteor_count"].describe().to_frame()

Out[10]:

	meteor_count
count	123.000000
mean	73.934959
std	336.031925
min	1.000000
25%	2.000000
50%	5.000000
75%	17.000000
max	3051.000000

Now lets plot a heatmap representing this data

In [11]:

from folium.plugins import HeatMap

meteor_heat_map = folium.Map(tiles='cartodbpositron', zoom_start=80)

location_data = meteors_country[['latitude', 'longitude']].values.tolist()

HeatMap(location_data).add_to(meteor_heat_map)
meteor_heat_map

Out[11]:

Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook

Explore the heatmap to see the regions with most meteor falls!

From the heatmap, we can see that the densest cluster is around the Arabian peninsula, Nothern Africa and Eastern Europe.

Here's another heatmap made using mpleaflet

In [13]:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
import mplleaflet

for index, row in meteors_country.iterrows():
    meteor_count = row["meteor_count"]
    latitude = row["latitude"]
    longitude = row["longitude"]
    ax = plt.plot(longitude,latitude,marker='o',color='Red',markersize=int(math.sqrt(meteor_count))*0.8)

figure = ax[0].figure
mplleaflet.display(fig = figure)

Out[13]:

Meteor Landings Notebook